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TIMELINER

History's most surprising connections

Politics & Leadership

Kings, presidents, revolutionaries, and statesmen who shaped the course of nations.

Hammurabi
Hammurabi
1810 BCE–1750 BCE · Babylonian king of the Code of Hammurabi
 Nefertiti
Nefertiti
1370 BCE–1330 BCE · Egyptian queen, icon of feminine beauty
 Ramesses II
Ramesses II
1303 BCE–1213 BCE · Greatest pharaoh of ancient Egypt
 Cyrus the Great
Cyrus the Great
600 BCE–530 BCE · Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire
 Sun Tzu
Sun Tzu
544 BCE–496 BCE · Author of The Art of War
 Leonidas I
Leonidas I
540 BCE–480 BCE · Spartan king, hero of Thermopylae
 Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great
356 BCE–323 BCE · Conquered the largest empire of the ancient world
 Ashoka
Ashoka
304 BCE–232 BCE · Mauryan emperor who spread Buddhism
 Qin Shi Huang
Qin Shi Huang
259 BCE–210 BCE · First emperor of a unified China
 Hannibal
Hannibal
247 BCE–183 BCE · Carthaginian general who crossed the Alps
 Cicero
Cicero
106 BCE–43 BCE · Roman statesman, orator and writer
 Julius Caesar
Julius Caesar
100 BCE–44 BCE · Roman dictator who transformed the Republic
 Cleopatra
Cleopatra
69 BCE–30 BCE · Last active ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt
 Augustus
Augustus
63 BCE–14 · First Roman Emperor
 Boudicca
Boudicca
30–61 · Celtic queen who revolted against Rome
 Nero
Nero
37–68 · Roman emperor during the Great Fire of Rome
 Attila the Hun
Attila the Hun
406–453 · Ruler of the Hunnic Empire
 Charlemagne
Charlemagne
748–814 · Father of Europe, crowned Emperor of the Romans in 800
 William the Conqueror
William the Conqueror
1028–1087 · Norman king who conquered England
 Saladin
Saladin
1137–1193 · Sultan who recaptured Jerusalem
 Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan
1162–1227 · Founder of the Mongol Empire
 Kublai Khan
Kublai Khan
1215–1294 · Mongol emperor of China
 Mansa Musa
Mansa Musa
1280–1337 · Mali emperor famed for his vast wealth
 Timur
Timur
1328–1405 · Turco-Mongol conqueror of Central Asia
 Joan of Arc
Joan of Arc
1412–1431 · Heroine of France, military leader
 Henry VIII
Henry VIII
1491–1547 · King of England, six wives
 Suleiman the Magnificent
Suleiman the Magnificent
1494–1566 · Longest-reigning Ottoman sultan
 Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I
1533–1603 · Queen of England, the Elizabethan era
 Akbar the Great
Akbar the Great
1542–1605 · Mughal emperor who unified India
 Tokugawa Ieyasu
Tokugawa Ieyasu
1543–1616 · Founder of Japan's Tokugawa shogunate
 Oliver Cromwell
Oliver Cromwell
1599–1658 · Lord Protector of England
 Louis XIV
Louis XIV
1638–1715 · The Sun King of France
 Peter the Great
Peter the Great
1672–1725 · Tsar who modernized Russia
 Frederick the Great
Frederick the Great
1712–1786 · King of Prussia and military strategist
 Catherine the Great
Catherine the Great
1729–1796 · Empress who expanded Russia
 George Washington
George Washington
1732–1799 · First US President
 John Adams
John Adams
1735–1826 · Second US president and Founding Father
 Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson
1743–1826 · Author of the Declaration of Independence
 Toussaint Louverture
Toussaint Louverture
1743–1803 · Leader of the Haitian Revolution
 James Madison
James Madison
1751–1836 · Fourth US president, Father of the Constitution
 Marie Antoinette
Marie Antoinette
1755–1793 · Queen of France, executed in the Revolution
 Andrew Jackson
Andrew Jackson
1767–1845 · Seventh President of the United States
 John Quincy Adams
John Quincy Adams
1767–1848 · Sixth President of the United States
 Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon Bonaparte
1769–1821 · Emperor of France, military genius
 Simón Bolívar
Simón Bolívar
1783–1830 · Liberator of South America
 Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu
1787–1828 · Founder of the Zulu Kingdom
 Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln
1809–1865 · 16th US President, ended slavery
 Otto von Bismarck
Otto von Bismarck
1815–1898 · Unified Germany, the Iron Chancellor
 Queen Victoria
Queen Victoria
1819–1901 · Longest-reigning British monarch of her era
 Sitting Bull
Sitting Bull
1831–1890 · Lakota leader who defeated Custer at Little Bighorn
 Woodrow Wilson
Woodrow Wilson
1856–1924 · 28th US President, League of Nations
 Theodore Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt
1858–1919 · 26th US President, Rough Rider
 Sun Yat-sen
Sun Yat-sen
1866–1925 · Father of the Republic of China
 Mahatma Gandhi
Mahatma Gandhi
1869–1948 · Nonviolent independence leader of India
 Grigori Rasputin
Grigori Rasputin
1869–1916 · Mystic who influenced the Russian royal family
 Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Lenin
1870–1924 · Bolshevik leader of the October Revolution
 Winston Churchill
Winston Churchill
1874–1965 · British PM who led WWII effort
 Pancho Villa
Pancho Villa
1878–1923 · Mexican revolutionary general
 Joseph Stalin
Joseph Stalin
1878–1953 · Leader of the Soviet Union 1924–1953
 Leon Trotsky
Leon Trotsky
1879–1940 · Russian revolutionary, founder of the Red Army
 Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
1881–1938 · Founder and first president of modern Turkey
 Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin D. Roosevelt
1882–1945 · 32nd US President, New Deal, WWII leader
 Benito Mussolini
Benito Mussolini
1883–1945 · Fascist dictator of Italy 1922–1943
 Harry S. Truman
Harry S. Truman
1884–1972 · 33rd US president at the end of World War II
 Chiang Kai-shek
Chiang Kai-shek
1887–1975 · Nationalist leader of the Republic of China
 Jawaharlal Nehru
Jawaharlal Nehru
1889–1964 · First Prime Minister of independent India
 Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler
1889–1945 · Nazi dictator of Germany 1933–1945
 Ho Chi Minh
Ho Chi Minh
1890–1969 · Revolutionary leader of Vietnam
 Dwight D. Eisenhower
Dwight D. Eisenhower
1890–1969 · WWII Supreme Commander, 34th US President
 Charles de Gaulle
Charles de Gaulle
1890–1970 · Leader of Free France, French President
 Haile Selassie
Haile Selassie
1892–1975 · Emperor of Ethiopia, Rastafari symbol
 Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong
1893–1976 · Founder of the People's Republic of China
 Nikita Khrushchev
Nikita Khrushchev
1894–1971 · Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis
 Golda Meir
Golda Meir
1898–1978 · Fourth Prime Minister of Israel
 Hirohito
Hirohito
1901–1989 · Emperor of Japan during WWII
 Lyndon B. Johnson
Lyndon B. Johnson
1908–1973 · 36th US president, signed the Civil Rights Act
 Kwame Nkrumah
Kwame Nkrumah
1909–1972 · First President of Ghana
 Ronald Reagan
Ronald Reagan
1911–2004 · 40th US president, former Hollywood actor
 Richard Nixon
Richard Nixon
1913–1994 · 37th US president, resigned after Watergate
 Gerald Ford
Gerald Ford
1913–2006 · 38th President of the United States
 John F. Kennedy
John F. Kennedy
1917–1963 · 35th US President, Space Race
 Indira Gandhi
Indira Gandhi
1917–1984 · First female Prime Minister of India
 Nelson Mandela
Nelson Mandela
1918–2013 · Anti-apartheid hero, South African President
 Eva Perón
Eva Perón
1919–1952 · Argentina's beloved Evita
 Jimmy Carter
Jimmy Carter
1924–2024 · 39th US president and Nobel Peace laureate
 George H. W. Bush
George H. W. Bush
1924–2018 · 41st President of the United States
 Patrice Lumumba
Patrice Lumumba
1925–1961 · First Prime Minister of independent Congo
 Margaret Thatcher
Margaret Thatcher
1925–2013 · The Iron Lady, British Prime Minister
 Fidel Castro
Fidel Castro
1926–2016 · Cuban revolutionary leader
 Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II
1926–2022 · Queen of the United Kingdom for 70 years
 Che Guevara
Che Guevara
1928–1967 · Argentine revolutionary icon
 Mikhail Gorbachev
Mikhail Gorbachev
1931–2022 · Last leader of the Soviet Union
 Saddam Hussein
Saddam Hussein
1937–2006 · President of Iraq 1979–2003
 Kofi Annan
Kofi Annan
1938–2018 · UN Secretary-General and Nobel Peace laureate
 Muammar Gaddafi
Muammar Gaddafi
1942–2011 · Ruler of Libya 1969–2011
 Joe Biden
Joe Biden
1942–present · 46th President of the United States
 Donald Trump
Donald Trump
1946–present · 45th and 47th President of the United States
 George W. Bush
George W. Bush
1946–present · 43rd President of the United States
 Bill Clinton
Bill Clinton
1946–present · 42nd President of the United States
 Hillary Clinton
Hillary Clinton
1947–present · US Secretary of State and First Lady
 Charles III
Charles III
1948–present · King of the United Kingdom
 Benjamin Netanyahu
Benjamin Netanyahu
1949–present · Prime Minister of Israel
 Narendra Modi
Narendra Modi
1950–present · Prime Minister of India
 Vladimir Putin
Vladimir Putin
1952–present · President of Russia
 Xi Jinping
Xi Jinping
1953–present · General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party
 Angela Merkel
Angela Merkel
1954–present · Chancellor of Germany 2005–2021
 Hugo Chávez
Hugo Chávez
1954–2013 · President of Venezuela 1999–2013
 Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
1954–present · President of Turkey
 François Hollande
François Hollande
1954–present · President of France 2012–2017
 Nicolas Sarkozy
Nicolas Sarkozy
1955–present · President of France 2007–2012
 Osama bin Laden
Osama bin Laden
1957–2011 · Founder of al-Qaeda
 Naruhito
Naruhito
1960–present · Emperor of Japan
 Barack Obama
Barack Obama
1961–present · 44th US President, first African American president
 Rafael Correa
Rafael Correa
1963–present · President of Ecuador 2007–2017
 Michelle Obama
Michelle Obama
1964–present · First Lady of the United States, author of Becoming
 Kamala Harris
Kamala Harris
1964–present · 49th Vice President of the United States
 Dmitry Medvedev
Dmitry Medvedev
1965–present · President of Russia 2008–2012
 Emmanuel Macron
Emmanuel Macron
1977–present · President of France
 Volodymyr Zelenskyy
Volodymyr Zelenskyy
1978–present · President of Ukraine, former comedian
 Kim Jong Un
Kim Jong Un
1984–present · Supreme Leader of North Korea

Key Events in Politics & Leadership

1215 Magna Carta limits the power of the English crown
1648 Peace of Westphalia establishes state sovereignty
1689 English Bill of Rights establishes parliamentary supremacy
1776 American Declaration of Independence
1789 French Revolution and Declaration of the Rights of Man
1804 Napoleonic Code enacted
1848 Marx and Engels publish The Communist Manifesto
1861 Unification of Italy
1871 Unification of Germany under Bismarck
1917 Balfour Declaration supports Jewish homeland in Palestine
1919 Treaty of Versailles reshapes Europe
1933 Hitler appointed Chancellor; Enabling Act passed
1945 United Nations Charter signed
1947 Marshall Plan announced for European recovery
1949 NATO established
1957 Treaty of Rome establishes European Economic Community
1962 Cuban Missile Crisis brings Cold War to the brink
1972 Nixon visits China; US-China relations transform
1975 Helsinki Accords signed
1991 Maastricht Treaty creates the European Union
2015 Paris Agreement on climate change adopted

Sources

  1. Hammurabi — Wikipedia
  2. Nefertiti — Wikipedia
  3. Ramesses II — Wikipedia
  4. Cyrus the Great — Wikipedia
  5. Sun Tzu — Wikipedia
  6. Leonidas I — Wikipedia
  7. Alexander the Great — Wikipedia
  8. Ashoka — Wikipedia
  9. Qin Shi Huang — Wikipedia
  10. Hannibal — Wikipedia
  11. Cicero — Wikipedia
  12. Julius Caesar — Wikipedia
  13. Cleopatra — Wikipedia
  14. Augustus — Wikipedia
  15. Boudica — Wikipedia
  16. Nero — Wikipedia
  17. Attila — Wikipedia
  18. Charlemagne — Wikipedia
  19. William the Conqueror — Wikipedia
  20. Saladin — Wikipedia
  21. Genghis Khan — Wikipedia
  22. Kublai Khan — Wikipedia
  23. Mansa Musa — Wikipedia
  24. Timur — Wikipedia
  25. Joan of Arc — Wikipedia
  26. Henry VIII — Wikipedia
  27. Suleiman the Magnificent — Wikipedia
  28. Elizabeth I — Wikipedia
  29. Akbar — Wikipedia
  30. Tokugawa Ieyasu — Wikipedia
  31. Oliver Cromwell — Wikipedia
  32. Louis XIV — Wikipedia
  33. Peter the Great — Wikipedia
  34. Frederick the Great — Wikipedia
  35. Catherine the Great — Wikipedia
  36. George Washington — Wikipedia
  37. John Adams — Wikipedia
  38. Thomas Jefferson — Wikipedia
  39. Toussaint Louverture — Wikipedia
  40. James Madison — Wikipedia
  41. Marie Antoinette — Wikipedia
  42. Andrew Jackson — Wikipedia
  43. John Quincy Adams — Wikipedia
  44. Napoleon — Wikipedia
  45. Simón Bolívar — Wikipedia
  46. Shaka — Wikipedia
  47. Abraham Lincoln — Wikipedia
  48. Otto von Bismarck — Wikipedia
  49. Queen Victoria — Wikipedia
  50. Sitting Bull — Wikipedia
  51. Woodrow Wilson — Wikipedia
  52. Theodore Roosevelt — Wikipedia
  53. Sun Yat-sen — Wikipedia
  54. Mahatma Gandhi — Wikipedia
  55. Grigori Rasputin — Wikipedia
  56. Vladimir Lenin — Wikipedia
  57. Winston Churchill — Wikipedia
  58. Pancho Villa — Wikipedia
  59. Joseph Stalin — Wikipedia
  60. Leon Trotsky — Wikipedia
  61. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk — Wikipedia
  62. Franklin D. Roosevelt — Wikipedia
  63. Benito Mussolini — Wikipedia
  64. Harry S. Truman — Wikipedia
  65. Chiang Kai-shek — Wikipedia
  66. Jawaharlal Nehru — Wikipedia
  67. Adolf Hitler — Wikipedia
  68. Ho Chi Minh — Wikipedia
  69. Dwight D. Eisenhower — Wikipedia
  70. Charles de Gaulle — Wikipedia
  71. Haile Selassie — Wikipedia
  72. Mao Zedong — Wikipedia
  73. Nikita Khrushchev — Wikipedia
  74. Golda Meir — Wikipedia
  75. Hirohito — Wikipedia
  76. Lyndon B. Johnson — Wikipedia
  77. Kwame Nkrumah — Wikipedia
  78. Ronald Reagan — Wikipedia
  79. Richard Nixon — Wikipedia
  80. Gerald Ford — Wikipedia
  81. John F. Kennedy — Wikipedia
  82. Indira Gandhi — Wikipedia
  83. Nelson Mandela — Wikipedia
  84. Eva Perón — Wikipedia
  85. Jimmy Carter — Wikipedia
  86. George H. W. Bush — Wikipedia
  87. Patrice Lumumba — Wikipedia
  88. Margaret Thatcher — Wikipedia
  89. Fidel Castro — Wikipedia
  90. Elizabeth II — Wikipedia
  91. Che Guevara — Wikipedia
  92. Mikhail Gorbachev — Wikipedia
  93. Saddam Hussein — Wikipedia
  94. Kofi Annan — Wikipedia
  95. Muammar Gaddafi — Wikipedia
  96. Joe Biden — Wikipedia
  97. Donald Trump — Wikipedia
  98. George W. Bush — Wikipedia
  99. Bill Clinton — Wikipedia
  100. Hillary Clinton — Wikipedia
  101. Charles III — Wikipedia
  102. Benjamin Netanyahu — Wikipedia
  103. Narendra Modi — Wikipedia
  104. Vladimir Putin — Wikipedia
  105. Xi Jinping — Wikipedia
  106. Angela Merkel — Wikipedia
  107. Hugo Chávez — Wikipedia
  108. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan — Wikipedia
  109. François Hollande — Wikipedia
  110. Nicolas Sarkozy — Wikipedia
  111. Osama bin Laden — Wikipedia
  112. Naruhito — Wikipedia
  113. Barack Obama — Wikipedia
  114. Rafael Correa — Wikipedia
  115. Michelle Obama — Wikipedia
  116. Kamala Harris — Wikipedia
  117. Dmitry Medvedev — Wikipedia
  118. Emmanuel Macron — Wikipedia
  119. Volodymyr Zelenskyy — Wikipedia
  120. Kim Jong Un — Wikipedia