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TIMELINER

History's most surprising connections

Science & Invention

Explore the scientists, inventors, and innovators who transformed our understanding of the world — from Galileo's telescope to Einstein's relativity.

Pythagoras
Pythagoras
570 BCE–495 BCE · Pythagorean theorem, early mathematician
 Hippocrates
Hippocrates
460 BCE–370 BCE · Father of medicine, Hippocratic Oath
 Euclid
Euclid
325 BCE–265 BCE · Father of geometry, wrote Elements
 Archimedes
Archimedes
287 BCE–212 BCE · Greatest mathematician of antiquity
 Al-Khwarizmi
Al-Khwarizmi
780–850 · Mathematician whose name gave us algorithm
 Avicenna
Avicenna
980–1037 · Father of early modern medicine
 Shen Kuo
Shen Kuo
1031–1095 · Song dynasty polymath who described the magnetic compass
 Omar Khayyam
Omar Khayyam
1048–1131 · Persian mathematician, astronomer and poet
 Johannes Gutenberg
Johannes Gutenberg
1400–1468 · Inventor of the printing press
 Nicolaus Copernicus
Nicolaus Copernicus
1473–1543 · Heliocentric model of the solar system
 Tycho Brahe
Tycho Brahe
1546–1601 · Astronomer of precise naked-eye observations
 Galileo Galilei
Galileo Galilei
1564–1642 · Father of modern observational astronomy
 Johannes Kepler
Johannes Kepler
1571–1630 · Laws of planetary motion
 Blaise Pascal
Blaise Pascal
1623–1662 · Mathematician, physicist and author of the Pensées
 Isaac Newton
Isaac Newton
1643–1727 · Laws of motion and gravity
 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
1646–1716 · Co-inventor of calculus, philosopher
 Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin Franklin
1706–1790 · Founding Father, electricity experiments
 Carl Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus
1707–1778 · Father of modern taxonomy
 Leonhard Euler
Leonhard Euler
1707–1783 · Prolific Swiss mathematician
 James Watt
James Watt
1736–1819 · Improved the steam engine
 Edward Jenner
Edward Jenner
1749–1823 · Pioneer of the smallpox vaccine
 Carl Friedrich Gauss
Carl Friedrich Gauss
1777–1855 · Mathematician called the Prince of Mathematicians
 Michael Faraday
Michael Faraday
1791–1867 · Electromagnetic induction
 Charles Babbage
Charles Babbage
1791–1871 · Father of the computer, designed the Analytical Engine
 Charles Darwin
Charles Darwin
1809–1882 · Theory of evolution by natural selection
 Ada Lovelace
Ada Lovelace
1815–1852 · Often called the first computer programmer
 Louis Pasteur
Louis Pasteur
1822–1895 · Germ theory, pasteurization
 Gregor Mendel
Gregor Mendel
1822–1884 · Father of genetics
 James Clerk Maxwell
James Clerk Maxwell
1831–1879 · Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism
 Alfred Nobel
Alfred Nobel
1833–1896 · Invented dynamite, founded Nobel Prizes
 Dmitri Mendeleev
Dmitri Mendeleev
1834–1907 · Created the periodic table of elements
 Thomas Edison
Thomas Edison
1847–1931 · Light bulb, phonograph, 1000+ patents
 Alexander Graham Bell
Alexander Graham Bell
1847–1922 · Invented the telephone
 Nikola Tesla
Nikola Tesla
1856–1943 · AC electricity, visionary inventor
 Max Planck
Max Planck
1858–1947 · Father of quantum theory
 David Hilbert
David Hilbert
1862–1943 · German mathematician of Hilbert's problems
 Marie Curie
Marie Curie
1867–1934 · Radioactivity, first woman Nobel laureate
 Orville Wright
Orville Wright
1871–1948 · Co-inventor of the airplane
 Ernest Rutherford
Ernest Rutherford
1871–1937 · Father of nuclear physics
 Guglielmo Marconi
Guglielmo Marconi
1874–1937 · Pioneer of long-distance radio
 Lise Meitner
Lise Meitner
1878–1968 · Discovered nuclear fission, overlooked for Nobel
 Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein
1879–1955 · Theory of relativity, E=mc²
 Alexander Fleming
Alexander Fleming
1881–1955 · Discovered penicillin
 Niels Bohr
Niels Bohr
1885–1962 · Atomic model, quantum mechanics pioneer
 Erwin Schrödinger
Erwin Schrödinger
1887–1961 · Schrödinger's cat, wave equation
 Werner Heisenberg
Werner Heisenberg
1901–1976 · Uncertainty principle, quantum mechanics pioneer
 Enrico Fermi
Enrico Fermi
1901–1954 · Father of the nuclear age, first nuclear reactor
 Robert Oppenheimer
Robert Oppenheimer
1904–1967 · Father of the atomic bomb
 Dorothy Hodgkin
Dorothy Hodgkin
1910–1994 · Nobel Prize for X-ray crystallography of biochemical substances
 Alan Turing
Alan Turing
1912–1954 · Father of computer science, codebreaker
 Hedy Lamarr
Hedy Lamarr
1914–2000 · Hollywood star who co-invented frequency hopping
 Richard Feynman
Richard Feynman
1918–1988 · Quantum electrodynamics, bongo-playing physicist
 Rosalind Franklin
Rosalind Franklin
1920–1958 · Key to discovering DNA's structure
 James Watson
James Watson
1928–2025 · Co-discovered the structure of DNA
 Vera Rubin
Vera Rubin
1928–2016 · Discovered evidence for dark matter
 Tu Youyou
Tu Youyou
1930–present · Discovered artemisinin, Nobel Prize in Medicine
 Carl Sagan
Carl Sagan
1934–1996 · Cosmos, pale blue dot, science communicator
 Jane Goodall
Jane Goodall
1934–2025 · World's foremost expert on chimpanzees
 Stephen Hawking
Stephen Hawking
1942–2018 · Black holes, A Brief History of Time

Key Events in Science & Invention

1543 Copernicus publishes heliocentric model
1609 Galileo observes the heavens with a telescope
1628 William Harvey describes blood circulation
1665 Robert Hooke publishes Micrographia, coins 'cell'
1687 Newton publishes Principia Mathematica
1735 Linnaeus publishes Systema Naturae
1774 Lavoisier identifies oxygen and transforms chemistry
1799 Volta invents the electric battery
1831 Faraday discovers electromagnetic induction
1859 Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species
1865 Mendel publishes laws of heredity
1869 Mendeleev creates the periodic table
1895 Roentgen discovers X-rays
1898 Marie Curie discovers radium and polonium
1905 Einstein publishes theory of special relativity
1915 Einstein publishes theory of general relativity
1928 Fleming discovers penicillin
1932 Chadwick discovers the neutron
1953 Watson and Crick describe DNA double helix
1964 Higgs proposes the Higgs boson
1969 ARPANET (precursor to the internet) launched
1990 Hubble Space Telescope deployed
2003 Human Genome Project completed
2012 Higgs boson experimentally confirmed at CERN
2019 First image of a black hole captured

Sources

  1. Pythagoras — Wikipedia
  2. Hippocrates — Wikipedia
  3. Euclid — Wikipedia
  4. Archimedes — Wikipedia
  5. Al-Khwarizmi — Wikipedia
  6. Avicenna — Wikipedia
  7. Shen Kuo — Wikipedia
  8. Omar Khayyam — Wikipedia
  9. Johannes Gutenberg — Wikipedia
  10. Nicolaus Copernicus — Wikipedia
  11. Tycho Brahe — Wikipedia
  12. Galileo Galilei — Wikipedia
  13. Johannes Kepler — Wikipedia
  14. Blaise Pascal — Wikipedia
  15. Isaac Newton — Wikipedia
  16. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz — Wikipedia
  17. Benjamin Franklin — Wikipedia
  18. Carl Linnaeus — Wikipedia
  19. Leonhard Euler — Wikipedia
  20. James Watt — Wikipedia
  21. Edward Jenner — Wikipedia
  22. Carl Friedrich Gauss — Wikipedia
  23. Michael Faraday — Wikipedia
  24. Charles Babbage — Wikipedia
  25. Charles Darwin — Wikipedia
  26. Ada Lovelace — Wikipedia
  27. Louis Pasteur — Wikipedia
  28. Gregor Mendel — Wikipedia
  29. James Clerk Maxwell — Wikipedia
  30. Alfred Nobel — Wikipedia
  31. Dmitri Mendeleev — Wikipedia
  32. Thomas Edison — Wikipedia
  33. Alexander Graham Bell — Wikipedia
  34. Nikola Tesla — Wikipedia
  35. Max Planck — Wikipedia
  36. David Hilbert — Wikipedia
  37. Marie Curie — Wikipedia
  38. Wright brothers — Wikipedia
  39. Ernest Rutherford — Wikipedia
  40. Guglielmo Marconi — Wikipedia
  41. Lise Meitner — Wikipedia
  42. Albert Einstein — Wikipedia
  43. Alexander Fleming — Wikipedia
  44. Niels Bohr — Wikipedia
  45. Erwin Schrödinger — Wikipedia
  46. Werner Heisenberg — Wikipedia
  47. Enrico Fermi — Wikipedia
  48. J. Robert Oppenheimer — Wikipedia
  49. Dorothy Hodgkin — Wikipedia
  50. Alan Turing — Wikipedia
  51. Hedy Lamarr — Wikipedia
  52. Richard Feynman — Wikipedia
  53. Rosalind Franklin — Wikipedia
  54. James Watson — Wikipedia
  55. Vera Rubin — Wikipedia
  56. Tu Youyou — Wikipedia
  57. Carl Sagan — Wikipedia
  58. Jane Goodall — Wikipedia
  59. Stephen Hawking — Wikipedia